The Concept of Special forces in India.

 

Special forces, also known as special operations forces (SOF), refer to military units specifically trained for executing special operations. According to NATO, special operations involve military activities carried out by specialised forces that are designated, organised, selected, trained, and equipped to use unconventional techniques and modes of employment.

Admiral William H. McRaven, who served as the ninth commanding officer of the U.S. Special Operations Command from 2011 to 2014, outlined two strategies for special forces operations in a 2012 statement to the U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services. 

The "direct approach" involves using advanced technology for precise and lethal small-unit actions, relying on focused intelligence and collaboration between different agencies on a digitally-networked battlefield. 

On the other hand, the "indirect approach" focuses on strengthening local forces, offering support to humanitarian agencies, and engaging with key populations.

It's crucial to avoid relying too heavily on a single capability, such as special forces, and instead deploy various elements of national power in a coordinated manner. This ensures readiness and effectiveness across a broad range of military operations.

India boasts various Special Forces (SF) units, each branch of the Indian Armed Forces having its distinct special forces. 

The Indian Army houses the Para SF, the Indian Navy operates the MARCOS, and the Indian Air Force commands the Garud Commando Force. Additionally, there are special forces not directly under military control, such as the National Security Guard under the Home Ministry and the Special Group under RAW, which operate under civilian organisations. 

These military SF units contribute to the Armed Forces Special Operations Division, a unified command and control structure. Moreover, India's external intelligence agency, the Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), oversees separate special forces, including the Special Group and the Special Frontier Force.

The concept of special forces, also known as elite or unconventional forces, has evolved significantly from medieval times to the present day. 

 Origins:

In medieval times, special forces were often individuals or groups with unique skills and training, tasked with carrying out specific military operations that required exceptional capabilities. Here are some examples from different historical periods:

1. Knights of the Crusades (11th to 13th centuries):

   • During the Crusades, knights were considered elite warriors with specialised training in mounted combat and often operated independently or in small groups.
   • They were tasked with missions such as reconnaissance, disrupting enemy supply lines, and engaging in special operations behind enemy lines.

2. Ninjas (Shinobi) in Japan (15th to 17th centuries):

   • The ninja, or shinobi, were covert agents in feudal Japan who specialised in espionage, sabotage, guerrilla warfare, and assassination.
   • They used stealth and unconventional tactics to gather intelligence and disrupt enemy operations.

3. Commandos in World War II (20th century):

   • In modern times, the concept of special forces became more formalised, with the establishment of commando units during World War II.
   • Commandos were elite troops trained for quick, small-scale raids, sabotage, and reconnaissance deep behind enemy lines.

4. Special Forces in the Cold War Era (20th century):

   • During the Cold War, special forces took on a more prominent role in unconventional warfare, with a focus on counterinsurgency and guerrilla warfare.
   • Examples include the Green Berets in the United States and the Spetsnaz in the Soviet Union.

5. Contemporary Special Forces (21st century):

   • In the present day, special forces have become integral to modern military strategies and are trained for a wide range of missions, including counterterrorism, unconventional warfare, and rapid response.
   • They often operate in small, highly trained teams and are equipped with advanced technology to carry out precise and effective operations.

The evolution of special forces reflects the changing nature of warfare and the need for specialised units capable of adapting to unconventional challenges. These forces play a crucial role in modern military operations, conducting missions beyond the scope of conventional forces and often operating in environments where traditional tactics may not be effective.

Special forces of India:

The concept of Indian Special Forces is essential in the context of India's national security and defence strategy. Special Forces are specialized military units trained to conduct unconventional and high-risk operations beyond the capabilities of conventional forces. In India, the need for Special Forces arises from various geopolitical, internal security, and strategic considerations. Here are some key reasons for the importance of Indian Special Forces:

1. Counterterrorism and Insurgency:

   • India faces persistent threats from terrorism and insurgencies, both externally and internally. Special Forces play a critical role in conducting counterterrorism operations, handling hostage situations, and addressing insurgent activities.

2. Border Security:

   • With long and diverse borders, India needs specialized units to operate in challenging terrains and conduct border protection operations. Special Forces are well-equipped to handle unconventional and asymmetrical threats along the borders.

3. Quick Response and Rapid Deployment:

   • Special Forces are trained for rapid deployment and quick response to emerging threats. In situations that require immediate and decisive action, Special Forces can be mobilised swiftly to address security concerns.

4. Covert Operations:

   • Special Forces are adept at conducting covert operations, gathering intelligence, and operating behind enemy lines. This capability is crucial for strategic planning, intelligence gathering, and maintaining a proactive defence posture.

5. Strategic Depth and Flexibility:

   • The versatility of Special Forces allows for strategic depth in military planning. They can be deployed for a range of missions, including unconventional warfare, reconnaissance, and direct action, providing flexibility in responding to diverse security challenges.

6. National Security Preparedness:

   • Special Forces contribute to enhancing the overall preparedness and resilience of the Indian military. Their advanced training and specialized skill sets ensure that the armed forces can address a wide spectrum of security threats effectively.

7. International Peacekeeping and Diplomacy:

   • Indian Special Forces also play a role in international peacekeeping missions, contributing to global stability. Their participation in such missions enhances India's diplomatic standing and showcases its commitment to global security.

8. Capacity Building and Training:

   • Special Forces contribute to the overall capacity building of the military. Their expertise is often shared through training programs, benefiting other units and promoting the development of a highly skilled and professional armed forces.

 

Para (Special Forces)

   

The Para (Special Forces), also known as Para Commandos or Para (SF) Commandos, is a special forces unit in the Indian Army. These skilled battalions, part of the Parachute Regiment, excel in tasks like counter-terrorism, hostage rescue, unconventional warfare, special reconnaissance, counter-insurgency, and direct action.

 History:

The parachute units of the Indian Army hold a rich history, dating back to the formation of the 50th Indian Parachute Brigade in 1941. This brigade, made up of British and Gurkha battalions, later evolved into the renowned Parachute Regiment in 1952.

The Parachute Regiment, comprising battalions like 1 PARA (Punjab), 2 PARA (Maratha), and 3 PARA (Kumaon), played a vital role in various operations, earning Battle Honours for their gallantry. Over time, the regiment expanded to include ten battalions, incorporating Parachute (Special Forces) units.

Notably, during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, the Meghdoot Force showcased exceptional commando skills, leading to the formal establishment of a commando unit within the Parachute Regiment in 1966. The unit later split into 9th and 10th Battalions (Commando) in 1967.

In a strategic move in 1978, 1 PARA transformed into the first special forces unit of the Indian Army, further enhancing its tactical capabilities. 

The Parachute Regiment Training Centre shifted to Bangalore in 1992.

The evolution continued in 1995 with the formation of the 21st Battalion (Special Forces) from 21 Maratha Light Infantry. This unit excelled in various operations, earning prestigious awards. Subsequent years witnessed the conversion of more parachute battalions into special forces roles, strengthening the Indian Army's operational capabilities.

In a significant development in 2022, several airborne units were reorganised and re-designated as PARA (SF), blending airborne prowess with specialised tasks. This modification marked a substantial enhancement to the operational prowess of the Indian Army.

9 Para (SF) was established in 1966 as the 9th Parachute Commando Battalion, making it the oldest among the fifteen Para (SF) units in the Indian Army. 

Throughout its history, the unit has participated in various operations, including the Indo-Pakistan war of 1971, Operation Bluestar, Operation Pawan, Operation Cactus, Kargil War, Operation Ginger, the 2015 Indian counter-insurgency operation in Myanmar, the 2016 Pampore stand-off, the 2016 Indian Line of Control strike, and numerous anti-terror operations.

Organization:

The Parachute Regiment boasts fifteen Special Forces, two Territorial Army, and one Counter-Insurgency (Rashtriya Rifles) battalion. 

However, the lack of a centralised command and standardised selection procedures among the Para (SF) battalions means that the selection criteria vary for each battalion.

In the 1980s, there were plans to consolidate the three para commando battalions under a separate entity called the Special Forces Regiment. 

Unfortunately, logistical and administrative challenges led to the abandonment of these plans, and the battalions continued to be trained and recruited by the Parachute Regiment.

The Para (SF) operates in assault teams behind enemy lines, with a total strength of around 5,000-6,000 personnel. 

The overall Parachute Regiment strength is approximately 8,000-10,000, including one Rashtriya Rifles and two Territorial Army battalions. The identity of Para (SF) personnel is deliberately concealed from the public.

The Special Group, a clandestine special forces unit under the Research and Analysis Wing, recruits from PARA SF, MARCOS, and Garud Commando Force. The Para Special Forces consist of 15 battalions distributed across various commands.

 

 MARCOS

The Marine Commandos, known as MARCOS and officially called the Marine Commando Force (MCF), serve as the special forces of the Indian Navy. Originally named the Indian Marine Special Force, their title was later changed to Marine Commando Force to give it a unique identity, as per the Indian Navy. The acronym 'MARCOS' was created afterwards.

Established in February 1987, MARCOS are highly skilled in operating in various environments—sea, air, and land. Over time, they have gained extensive experience and earned international recognition for their professionalism. MARCOS are actively involved in specialised maritime operations in Jammu and Kashmir, navigating the Jhelum River and Wular Lake, a large freshwater lake covering 65 square kilometres. They also carry out counter-insurgency operations in the region.

Some MARCOS units contribute to the tri-services Armed Forces Special Operations Division, showcasing their versatility and collaboration across different branches of the military.

History:

In 1955, the Indian military collaborated with the British Special Boat Service to establish a diving school in Cochin. This school aimed to teach combat divers essential skills like explosive disposal, clearance, and salvage diving. However, during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, the combat divers faced challenges as they lacked sufficient training for sabotage missions.

Additionally, the combat divers provided basic underwater demolition training to insurgents from Bangladesh for missions during the war. Unfortunately, these missions did not result in significant damage to Pakistani military installations. Post-war, the Indian Navy supported the Indian Army in landing operations against the Pakistani military base in Cox's Bazar. Subsequently, army units were frequently involved in amphibious exercises.

In 1983, the Indian Army's 340th Army Independent Brigade transformed into an amphibious assault unit. Over the years, joint airborne-amphibious exercises were conducted. In April 1986, the Indian Navy initiated plans for a special forces unit capable of maritime missions, raids, reconnaissance, and counter-terrorism operations. Three officers from the 1955 diving unit underwent training with the United States Navy SEALs and the Special Boat Service. By February 1987, the Indian Marine Special Force (IMSF) was officially established, with the three officers becoming its first members.

The IMSF was later renamed the 'Marine Commando Force' in 1991, solidifying its role as a specialized unit for maritime operations.

Organization 

The Marine Commando Force (MCF) currently operates from naval bases in Mumbai, Visakhapatnam, Goa, Kochi, and Port Blair. There are upcoming plans to relocate the training facility from the Naval Special Warfare Training and Tactical Centre to a new establishment at the former Naval Academy in Goa.

The formation of MARCOS took place at INS Abhimanyu in Mumbai, which is part of the Western Naval Command. Established in 1974 and commissioned on 1 May 1980, INS Abhimanyu is named after the Mahābhārata character Abhimanyu. The Indian Marine Special Force (IMSF) was stationed there in 1987. In addition, on 12 July 2016, INS Karna was commissioned near Visakhapatnam as the garrison and permanent base for the unit.

 As a specialized force, MARCOS plays a crucial role in both strategic and tactical operations. These operations primarily support naval forces but extend into other domains as well. Over time, the responsibilities of MARCOS have evolved, encompassing a range of duties such as:

1. Providing support to amphibious operations.
2. Conducting special surveillance and amphibious reconnaissance operations.
3. Executing clandestine operations within hostile territory, including diving operations and special raids.
4. Direct action in critical situations.
5. Undertaking hostage rescue operations.
6. Engaging in counter-terrorism operations.
7. Participating in asymmetric warfare.
8. Contributing to foreign internal defence efforts.

Moreover, MARCOS can collaborate with the Indian Air Force in missions like Suppression of Enemy Air Defences (SEAD), showcasing their versatility in various operational scenarios.

 

 

 Garud Commando Force

The Garud Commando Force serves as the special forces unit for the Indian Air Force. Established in September 2004, it currently comprises over 1500 personnel. The unit draws its name from Garuda, a Hindu God.

 

The primary responsibilities of the Garud forces include safeguarding vital Air Force bases and installations, participating in search and rescue missions, and providing disaster relief during emergencies. In 2004, Garud commandos were deployed in Congo as part of United Nations peacekeeping operations.

 History

Following terrorist attempts to attack air bases in Jammu and Kashmir in 2001, the Indian Air Force recognised the need for a specialized force to safeguard critical elements. This led to the creation of a dedicated Commando Force trained in Special Forces techniques, Combat Search and Rescue, Reconnaissance, Counter Insurgency (COIN) Operations, and emergency response to terror threats at airfields.

While the Army could provide Special Forces units to the Air Force, these units were frequently rotated to other areas based on Army requirements. Recognising the need for consistency in specialized training, plans were initiated in October 2001 for a force of 2000 commandos, initially named "Tiger Force" and later renamed "Garud Force."

In September 2003, the Government of India authorised the formation of a 1080-strong force trained along the lines of the Para SF of the Army and MARCOS of the Indian Navy. The mandate was to perform niche, Air Force-specific operational tasks.

The first batch of 100 volunteers from the IAF No.1 Airmen Training Center in Belgaum, Karnataka, underwent Garud Training at Gurgaon. On 6 February 2004, the first batch of 62 "Air Commandos" graduated from training in New Delhi. The Garuds made their public debut during the Air Force Day celebrations in New Delhi on 8 October 2004.

In response to the Pathankot Terror Attack aftermath, the Indian Air Force decided to raise ten additional squadrons of Garud commandos, totalling about 700 personnel and increasing the force's total strength to 1780.

 Organization

Garud personnel serve as airmen within the Indian Air Force, and they are structured into fifteen 'flights.' These flights are strategically deployed at air force stations, each led by an officer holding the rank of Squadron Leader or Flight Lieutenant. Typically, each flight comprises around 60 to 70 men, organised into squads of 14 soldiers. As of 2017, the Garud Commando Force boasts a reported strength of over 1500 personnel, with overall command held by a Wing Commander. Plans are in place to add more personnel to further strengthen the force.

 

 Conclusion:

In conclusion, the concept of Indian Special Forces stands as a linchpin in the nation's defence architecture, offering a strategic edge in addressing multifaceted security challenges. The specialized and versatile nature of these forces is paramount in effectively countering terrorism, managing insurgencies, securing borders, and responding swiftly to emerging threats. Their role goes beyond conventional military operations, encompassing covert missions, intelligence gathering, and contributing to international peacekeeping efforts.